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| Genetic Susceptibility of ACE1 Gene Polymorphism with Comorbid Diseases among Sudanese COVID-19 Patients
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Mustafa Ibrahim Abbas, Ozaz Yagoub Mohammed Ahmed, Mai Shakir Haridy, Khalid Abdelsamea Mohamedahmed, Salaheldein G Elzaki, Yousif Abdelhameed Mohammed, Ali Habour, Bakri Yousif Mohamed Nour, Samar Ibn omer Abdelrahman, Yasmin Abdo Modawi Ebaid, Babiker A
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Abstract:
Introduction: The variation in symptoms and severity of COVID-19 among patients could be linked to genetic issues, including defects in the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) pathway. The ACE1 Insertion/Deletion (I/D) polymorphism gene, which regulates the RAS pathway, may also explain the genetic susceptibility to COVID-19 and its association with other underlying health conditions, as well as the different ways the disease presents in individuals. Methodology: In this research, a total of 161 Sudanese individuals who were hospitalized due to COVID-19 were included. The objective of the study was to investigate the relationship between ACE (I/D) gene polymorphism and the presence of comorbid diseases in this population. Blood samples were collected from the participants to detect the ACE1 gene Insertion/Deletion (I/D) polymorphism. The data on socio-demographic characteristics and risk factors were then analyzed in correlation with the detected polymorphism. Results: Among the 161 patients included in the study, males accounted for 68.3% (110/161) while females accounted for 31.7% (51/161). The most common comorbidities observed were hypertension and diabetes mellitus, which accounted for 52.8% (85/161) of the cases. The ACE (I/D) gene polymorphism showed significant differences when comparing asthmatic and non-asthmatic COVID-19 patients, with a p-value of 0.027. The mutant (D) allele was found to be present in 100% of asthmatic, cardiac, renal disease, diabetic, and hypertensive patients, with odds ratios (OR) of 9.08, 1.83, 1.35, 2.72, and 1.88 respectively. Conclusion: The presence of ACE gene polymorphism, specifically the mutant (D) allele, was found to be associated with various comorbid diseases, particularly asthma and cardiovascular diseases, in the studied COVID-19 patients. Additionally, the I/I genotype was not observed to be a risk factor for comorbid diseases in this population.
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