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| Association between ACE1 Gene polymorphism and COVID-19 Disease Severity among Sudanese Hospitalized Patients
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Mustafa Ibrahim Abbas, Ozaz Yagoub Mohammed Ahmed, Mai Shakir Haridy, Khalid Abdelsamea Mohamedahmed, Salaheldein G Elzaki, Yousif Abdelhameed Mohammed, Ali Habour, Bakri Yousif Mohamed Nour, Samar Ibn omer Abdelrahman, Yasmin Abdo Modawi Ebaid, Babiker A
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Abstract:
Introduction: The diversity of symptoms, signs, and severity in COVID-19 patients has been attributed to various factors, including hereditary issues such as the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). The ACE1 Insertion/Deletion (I/D) polymorphism has been considered a genetic risk factor for COVID-19 and its associated disorders. This case-control hospital-based study included 140 normal individuals and 161 COVID-19 hospitalized patients of different age groups and genders. Objectives: The study aimed to investigate the association between ACE (I/D) polymorphism and disease severity in COVID-19 hospitalized patients. Methods: Venous blood samples were collected for DNA extraction and conventional PCR was performed to detect the ACE (I/D) polymorphism. Data were analyzed using statistical software. Results: The study found that the ACE D/D, ACE D/I, and ACE I/I genotypes were present in 56.5%, 35.4%, and 8.1% of the cases, respectively. The mutant and wild-type alleles were found in 91.9% and 8.1% of the cases, respectively. In the control group, the ACE D/D, ACE D/I, and ACE I/I genotypes were present in 86.4%, 5.7%, and 7.9% respectively, with mutant and wild-type alleles found in 91.9% and 8.1% respectively. The ACE I/D genotype was associated with a higher risk of the disease compared to the control group (OR = 9.04). Furthermore, ACE1 DD genotype was significantly associated with disease severity (P value = 0.007). Conclusion: ACE gene polymorphism, particularly the mutant (D/D) genotype, was associated with disease severity, while the (I/D) genotype was associated with an increased risk of infection.
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