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| Coronavirus Disease 2019: Insight Into Genomic Structure, Life Cycle, Classification, Transmission, Prevalence, Clinical Impact, Laboratory Diagnosis, Its Effects on Hematological and Some Biochemical Parameters
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J. M. Jbireal , Azab Elsayed Azab, and Ruwaydah Ali Salem
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Abstract:
Background: Coronaviruses can cause a variety of symptoms in infected humans ranging from mild cold-like symptoms to severe respiratory tract infections. It has become a global pandemic causing significant mortality and morbidity. Objectives: The current review highlights genomic structure, life cycle, classification, transmission, prevalence, clinical impact, laboratory diagnosis, and its effects on hematological and some biochemical parameters. SARS-CoV-2 is a member of the betacoronavirus family within the Coronaviridae family and the subfamily Orthocoronavirinae. The coronavirus is a positive sense strand RNA virus, which is encapsulated by viral nucleocapsid (N) proteins to form a large ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex. The coronavirus genome is composed of three main regions, including ORFs 1a and 1b. They are currently classified into four genera, including ?- CoV, ?-CoV, ?-CoV, and ?-CoV. It has been reported that the total number of COVID-19 deaths in Libya had reached 6433 patients by August 2022. The onset symptoms of COVID-19 infection are cough, breathing difficulties, fever, and fatigue which manifest after an incubation period lasting around 2 to 5 days. Other clinical symptoms are production of sputum, headache, diarrhea, dyspnea, and a reduction in lymphocyte count. The RT-PCR test is considered the gold standard for detecting SARS-CoV-2 and is the preferred laboratory diagnostic test for symptomatic patients in the acute phase. The serologic test is a type of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) that detects the presence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies (specifically IgM and IgG) in serum or plasma samples. Low thrombocytes, leukocytes and neutrophils counts were revealed in COVID -19 patient. Also, hemoglobin concentration is more affected by the COVID-19 infection than other RBC indices like MCH and MCHC. The coronavirus infection significantly increased the levels of serum urea, creatinine, fasting blood glucose, IgM, IgG, D-dimer, CRP, and ferritin at various times.Variations in renal function, electrolyte levels, and fasting blood glucose can all be useful markers of how a disease is progressing. Conclusion: It can be concluded that This review shows that a genomic structure, life cycle, classification, transmission, prevalence, clinical impact, laboratory diagnosis, and its effects on hematological and some biochemical parameters.
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