Title: Human Migrations in Somaliland: A Systematic Review of Patterns, Drivers, and Impacts
Authors: Mustafe Mahamoud Abdillahi
Volume: 9
Issue: 10
Pages: 176-189
Publication Date: 2025/10/28
Abstract:
This systematic review investigated the complex dynamics of human migrations in Somaliland by synthesizing academic and grey literature from 2018 to 2024. The study adopted a comprehensive typology to analyze four primary, interconnected flows: internal displacement, driven predominantly by climate-induced droughts and local conflicts; international emigration, characterized by a persistent "brain drain" of skilled youth; diaspora return and transnational engagement, which injected capital and skills; and in-migration of individuals seeking Somaliland's relative stability. The analysis revealed that these flows were not independent but formed a complex system of vicious and virtuous cycles. For instance, remittances from emigration fueled diaspora investment, which in turn inflated urban real estate markets and exacerbated internal displacement. Conversely, returning diaspora professionals facilitated a partial "brain gain," strengthening governance. The review concluded that Somaliland's socio-economic and political fabric was fundamentally shaped by this multi-flow reality, necessitating integrated policy responses that move beyond fragmented approaches and acknowledge the profound interconnections between these movements. The findings underscored the critical role of migration as a central determinant of development, stability, and state-building in the contested territory.