Title: Ethnicity And Social Integration In Somaliland: A Systematic Literature Review
Authors: Mustafe Mahamoud Abdillahi, PhD
Volume: 9
Issue: 10
Pages: 74-82
Publication Date: 2025/10/28
Abstract:
This systematic literature review critically synthesized research on the relationship between ethnicity (clan affiliation) and social integration in Somaliland. Somaliland's post-1991 reconstruction relied heavily on its segmentary clan system (qabiil), which provided essential mechanisms for conflict resolution (xeer, guurti, shir beeleed) and power-sharing (beel system), establishing relative stability. However, the review found that this clan-centric foundation simultaneously hindered substantive social integration. Clan dynamics systematically marginalized minority clans (e.g., Dhulbahante in contested regions) and stigmatized "caste"-like groups (e.g., Gabooye), limiting their political representation, economic opportunities, and social inclusion. Hybrid governance structures blending traditional and modern institutions generated tensions, as clan quotas essentialized lineage identity in politics and dual legal systems fragmented rights. Economic exclusion was entrenched through clan-based networks (qaaraan) and discriminatory land access, exacerbating inequalities between urban elites and marginalized pastoralists or minority groups. Despite these barriers, organic mechanisms like inter-clan marriages and shared Sufi religious institutions, alongside NGO-led civic initiatives, fostered cross-clan ties and promoted shared identities. The diaspora played an ambivalent role, supporting national projects while reinforcing clan divisions. The review concluded that while clans enabled procedural integration (basic order), they obstructed substantive integration (equal citizenship, non-discrimination). Future progress requires inclusive institutional reforms, equitable economic policies, and leveraging organic social cohesion efforts while dismantling systemic exclusion.