Title: Determinants of Control Practices and Community-Level Strategies for Managing Gastrointestinal Parasitic Infections in Anambra State, Nigeria
Authors: Mgbemena Ngozika Adaeze, Igbodika M.C., Anyaegbunam L.C.
Volume: 9
Issue: 12
Pages: 12-27
Publication Date: 2025/12/28
Abstract:
Gastrointestinal parasitic infections (GIPIs) are one of the serious health challenges in Nigeria, which mainly affect vulnerable populations. Understanding community-level control practices and determinants is essential for designing effective intervention strategies. This study examined the determinants of control practices and community-level strategies for managing gastrointestinal parasitic infections across three senatorial districts in Anambra State, Nigeria. A cross-sectional study was conducted from July 2024 to June 2025 across nine randomly selected Local Government Areas (LGAs) representing Anambra North, Central, and South senatorial districts. A total of 3,000 stool samples, 400 water samples, 400 soil samples, and 400 fruit and vegetable samples were collected and analyzed using microscopy and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Structured questionnaires and focus group discussions (FGDs) were used to assess knowledge, attitudes, practices, and control measures. Treatment efficacy was evaluated using single doses of Albendazole (400 mg) and Mebendazole (500 mg). Overall prevalence of GIPIs was 22.17%, with Taenia spp. most prevalent at 6.11%. Prevalence varied by district: Anambra South 7.83%, Central 4.59%, and North 2.97%. Water contamination was highest in streams at 10.25%, with Cryptosporidium parvum being the most commonly isolated parasite. Soil contamination reached 23.00%, while vegetables showed higher contamination than fruits at 49.1% versus 25.6%. Treatment efficacy analysis revealed that Albendazole achieved a 100% cure rate against Ascaris lumbricoides but showed lower effectiveness against hookworm and Entamoeba histolytica. Among households, 54% utilized plant-based remedies, predominantly Citrus aurantium/aurantifolia (25.5%), Ocimum basilicum (23.9%), and Allium sativum/Zingiber officinale (19.3%). Key determinants of infection included defecation practices, parental occupation, water sources, and sanitation facilities. Focus group discussions revealed knowledge gaps regarding transmission routes and inadequate access to healthcare infrastructure. Integrated control strategies combining improved sanitation infrastructure, health education, validation of traditional remedies, and targeted chemotherapy are essential for reducing the burden in Anambra State. Community engagement and evidence-based interventions addressing socioeconomic determinants should be prioritized.