Title: Recurrent Aphthous Stomatitis: Etiology, Morphology, Pathogenesis, And Contemporary Treatment Methods
Authors: Ergashev Bekzod Jaloliddin ugli
Volume: 9
Issue: 7
Pages: 86-91
Publication Date: 2025/07/28
Abstract:
Recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) is one of the most common ulcerative conditions affecting the oral mucosa, characterized by recurring, painful ulcers that significantly impair quality of life. Despite its prevalence, the exact etiology of RAS remains unclear, though it is considered multifactorial. Genetic predisposition, immunological dysfunction, nutritional deficiencies (e.g., iron, folate, vitamin B12), hormonal fluctuations, stress, and local trauma are known contributing factors. Morphologically, RAS is classified into three main types: minor, major, and herpetiform aphthae, each differing in size, number, duration, and healing patterns. Pathogenetically, the condition is thought to result from a T-cell mediated immune response that leads to epithelial ulceration and inflammation. In recent years, considerable advancements have been made in the treatment of RAS, ranging from topical corticosteroids and antiseptics to systemic immunomodulators and novel biological agents. Additionally, laser therapy and probiotics are emerging as promising adjunctive therapies. Despite the variety of treatments available, management primarily focuses on symptom relief, reducing recurrence, and improving patient comfort. A better understanding of the underlying mechanisms and risk factors may lead to more targeted and effective treatment strategies in the future.