Title: Impact of ChatGPT on Science Education: A Systematic Review of Generative AI Contributions
Authors: Rezel Yenn B. Manahan and Lee G. Baraquia
Volume: 9
Issue: 9
Pages: 346-359
Publication Date: 2025/09/28
Abstract:
Generative artificial intelligence (AI), particularly ChatGPT, is reshaping science education, yet its measurable impact on student academic performance and the challenge of its integration remains underexplored This study investigated whether ChatGPT improved students' academic performance in science and to outline the scope of its effects while identifying key implementation challenges and directions for optimization. A systematic search of electronic databases was conducted following PRISMA guidelines. Records were screened using predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Quantitative studies reporting science academic performance as the primary outcome and employing an empirical research design were meta-analyzed in Comprehensive Meta-Analysis (Version 4) using a random-effects model to estimate pooled effect sizes, assessed heterogeneity and examined publication bias. Findings revealed that the PRISMA-guided search identified 187 records, of which nine quantitative studies were included. The pooled effect size indicated a moderate and statistically significant impact of ChatGPT on students' science performance with substantial heterogeneity suggesting context-dependent outcomes. The review revealed three significant challenges: the pedagogical and instructional limitations, low teacher preparedness and confidence, and ethical and technological concerns and pointed to future directions emphasizing longitudinal evaluations, teacher professional development aligned with AI-supported pedagogy, and institutional policies addressing ethical, legal, and equity considerations. It was concluded that ChatGPT enhanced science learning when intentionally integrated with pedagogical instructions, adequate teacher support, and equitable access. It was recommended that institutions implement structured, teacher-guided integration of ChatGPT, supported by ongoing professional development and clear ethical and equity policies to ensure responsible and effective use in science education.