Title: Population Growth, Demographic Change And Global Food Security: Challenges And Policy Responses
Authors: Ejeh Benedict, Haruna Gambo Usur Mohammad Abubakar Ndakuru
Volume: 10
Issue: 1
Pages: 52-59
Publication Date: 2026/01/28
Abstract:
Population growth and demographic change are central determinants of global food security, particularly in developing regions such as Sub-Saharan Africa. This paper examines the complex interplay between population dynamics and food systems, highlighting how rapid population expansion, youthful age structures, urbanization, and migration exacerbate challenges of food availability, access, utilization, and stability. Adopting a non-empirical, conceptual, and theoretical approach, the study draws on secondary data from scholarly literature, policy documents, and international reports, with a focus on Nigeria as a case study. Theoretical perspectives, including Malthusian theory, Boserupian hypothesis, demographic transition, and integrated population-food security frameworks, provide a lens to understand how demographic pressures influence agricultural demand, consumption patterns, and supply chain vulnerabilities. Key challenges identified include land scarcity, climate and environmental stresses, malnutrition, socio-economic inequalities, and weak policy implementation. The paper evaluates policy responses and interventions, such as family planning, climate-smart agriculture, urban food programs, social safety nets, and international cooperation, demonstrating how integrated strategies can mitigate population-driven food insecurity. Implications for sustainable development are explored, emphasizing the need to align population policies, agricultural productivity, and nutrition-sensitive programs with the Sustainable Development Goals, particularly SDG 2 (Zero Hunger). The study concludes that achieving resilient and equitable food systems requires multi-level, evidence-based approaches that integrate demographic management, technological innovation, governance, and community participation. By synthesizing demographic and policy insights, this paper offers actionable guidance for policymakers, development practitioners, and international stakeholders to strengthen global food security in the face of rapid population growth.