Title: A Review of Computer-Based Simulations for Acid-Base Titration Experiments in Ordinary Level Chemistry
Authors: Lucas E Zengo, Mohamed K Changa, Lucia S Mwamajuja, Kaswahili Aman, Novatus Lukwale, Jackson Kurwizila, Omary Omary, Patrick Konya, Pius Lumbanga
Volume: 10
Issue: 2
Pages: 1-10
Publication Date: 2026/02/28
Abstract:
Chemistry is a core science subject at Ordinary Level and plays a vital role in helping students understand the nature and behavior of substances through both theoretical learning and practical experimentation. One of the most important practical topics in Ordinary Level Chemistry is acid-base titration, which develops students' skills in measurement, observation, and calculation. However, in many secondary schools, large class sizes, limited laboratory space, and insufficient equipment restrict students' opportunities to actively participate in practical experiments. As a result, acid-base titration is often taught mainly through demonstrations or theoretical explanations, leading to poor practical understanding and low confidence among learners. This project presents a review and design of a computer-based, web-based simulation system for acid-base titration experiments aimed at supporting Ordinary Level Chemistry teaching and learning. The proposed system simulates a virtual laboratory environment where students can interact with titration apparatuses such as burettes, pipettes, conical flasks, and indicators. The system allows learners to perform experiments repeatedly, observe color changes at end points, record volume readings, and carry out necessary titration calculations with immediate feedback. Findings from recent studies between 2021 and 2026 indicate that virtual laboratory simulations significantly improve students' conceptual understanding, practical skills, motivation, and academic performance in Chemistry. Therefore, the proposed simulation system is expected to complement traditional laboratory sessions, reduce challenges caused by large class sizes, and enhance students' practical competence and confidence in acid-base titration experiments.