Title: Breast Tuberculosis: A Comprehensive Review of Epidemiology, Diagnosis, and Management (2000-2025)
Authors: Z.Benaboud , B.Moubakkir, O.Bouchama M. Bendahhou Idrissi, N. Mamouni, S Errarhay, C Bouchikhi, A. Banani
Volume: 10
Issue: 2
Pages: 1-3
Publication Date: 2026/02/28
Abstract:
Background:Breast tuberculosis (BTB) is a rare manifestation of extrapulmonary tuberculosis, predominantly affecting women in tuberculosis-endemic regions. Its clinical and radiological presentation frequently mimics breast carcinoma and other inflammatory breast diseases, leading to diagnostic delays and inappropriate management. Objective:To provide a comprehensive and updated review of the epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnostic modalities, and management strategies of breast tuberculosis, based on literature published between 2000 and 2025. Methods: A narrative review of the English-language literature was conducted using PubMed, PMC, WHO reports, and indexed medical journals. Case reports, case series, observational studies, imaging studies, reviews, and international tuberculosis guidelines published between January 2000 and January 2025 were analyzed. Results: Breast tuberculosis remains an uncommon entity, accounting for less than 0.1% of breast lesions in non-endemic countries and up to 3-4% in endemic regions. Clinical presentations include nodular, abscess, sclerosing, and disseminated forms. Imaging findings are non-specific, often resembling malignancy. Definitive diagnosis relies on histopathological evidence of granulomatous inflammation with caseous necrosis and microbiological confirmation using acid-fast bacilli staining, culture, or nucleic acid amplification tests. Standard anti-tubercular therapy for six months is effective in most cases, while surgery plays an adjunctive role. Conclusion: Breast tuberculosis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of breast masses, particularly in endemic regions. Early tissue diagnosis and appropriate anti-tubercular therapy can prevent unnecessary surgical interventions and ensure favorable outcomes.