Title: Comparative Assessment of Heavy Metal Contamination in River, Borehole, and Well Water Sources in Kaduna South Metropolis, Nigeria
Authors: Shamsuddeen Abdullahi, Modu Mustapha Gambo, Shafiu Mannir Kangiwa
Volume: 10
Issue: 3
Pages: 47-51
Publication Date: 2026/03/28
Abstract:
Water is an essential resource for human survival, agriculture, and industrial development, yet contamination from heavy metals has become a major environmental and public health concern. This study presents a comparative assessment of heavy metal concentrations in river, borehole, and well water sources within Kaduna South Metropolis, Nigeria. Water samples were collected from representative locations and analyzed for zinc (Zn), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), chromium (Cr), and iron (Fe) using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS). The results were compared with the drinking water standards of the World Health Organization (WHO). Zinc concentrations (0.089-0.161 mg/L) were within permissible limits, whereas Cd, Pb, Cr, and Fe exceeded WHO guidelines in most samples. Borehole water recorded extremely high Cd concentration (4.138 mg/L), river water showed excessive Fe (13.431 mg/L), and well water exhibited elevated Pb and Fe levels. The contamination is attributed to industrial effluents, agricultural runoff, poor waste management, and geological factors. The study concludes that none of the investigated water sources are safe for direct consumption without treatment and recommends regular monitoring, improved waste management, and enforcement of environmental regulations.