Title: Political Instability Across Party Systems: A comparative Study of Multi- party and Bi-Party Democracies.
Authors: Md. Rafidul Alam Shovon, Md. Kabir Hossain
Volume: 10
Issue: 6
Pages: 158-178
Publication Date: 2026/06/28
Abstract:
This research investigate the nexus between party system configurations and stability through the lens o institutional resilience. While democratic pluralism is often lauded , this study interrogates whether multi party frameworks inherently Harbor greater systemic volatility compared to bi-party structures. Utilizing a longitudinal comparative case study design, the analysis examines distinct political topographies: the multi party system of Bangladesh, Pakistan, India and the bi party systems of the United Kingdom and the United States. The study operationalizes political instability through four critical metrics: Governmental Instability, Military coup, terrorism and corruption. Synthesizing a decadal dataset2012-2025 alongside high fidelity indicators from the V-Dem Index. The empirical evidence reveals that bi-party systems demonstrate superior institutional equilibrium and higher Governmental Accountability scores, acting as a structural buffer against total political breakdown. Conversely, the multi-party cases exhibit a higher propensity for executive turnover and vulnerability to non-state actor interference. The study concludes that while multi-party systems offer broader representation, bi-party architecture provide the institutional consolidation necessary for enduring stability. These insights offer critical implications for constitutional engineering and democratic sustainability in emerging economies.