Title: Molecular Mechanisms of Viral Immune Evasion: Strategies, Host Interactions, and Therapeutic Implications
Authors: Christian Chimezie NWABUNIKE and Victor Onyedikachi ETIKUDIKE
Volume: 10
Issue: 6
Pages: -
Publication Date: 2026/06/28
Abstract:
Viruses have evolved sophisticated molecular mechanisms to evade host immune responses and establish successful infections. The host immune system employs innate and adaptive defense mechanisms to detect and eliminate viral pathogens; however, viruses continuously develop strategies to circumvent these protective barriers. Viral immune evasion involves interference with pathogen recognition receptors, suppression of interferon signaling pathways, modulation of antigen presentation, inhibition of apoptosis, alteration of cytokine production, and manipulation of immune cell functions. These mechanisms enable viral persistence, chronic infection, and enhanced pathogenicity. Recent advances in molecular virology and immunology have revealed diverse viral proteins and genetic elements that specifically target host immune pathways. Understanding these molecular interactions is critical for the development of effective antiviral therapies, vaccines, and immunomodulatory interventions. This review discusses the major molecular mechanisms employed by viruses to evade host immunity, highlights examples from clinically significant viruses, and explores the therapeutic implications of viral immune evasion strategies.